Sheet transfer mechanism



Oct 16, 1956 l.. w. CLAYBOURN ETAL 2,766,985

SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM Filed May 28, 1952 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Oct. 16,1956 .A w. cLAYBoURN ETAI. 2,766,985

SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 28, 1952 65 Z22 W67@50am fgZJ/z 6,7 barr Oct 16, 1956 1 .w. cLAYBoURN ETAL 2,756,985

SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM FiledMay 28, 1952 Oct- 15, 1956 w. cLAYBoURNETAL 2,765,985

SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM Filed May 28, 1952 5 sheets-sheet 4 OCt- 15,1956 L. w. cLAYBoURN ETAL 2,766,985

SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed May 28, 1952 UnitedStates Patent SHEET TRANSFER MECHANISM Leslie W. Claybourn and CarltonC. C'iaybourn, Chicago, lll.

Application May 28, 1952, Serial No. 290,496

Claims. (Cl. 271-51) This invention relates to a transfer mechanism andmore particularly to a mechanism for transferring flexible sheets suchas paper or the like.

A number of machines are designed to handle sheet material such as paperand the like and require the incorporation of a mechanism to transfer asheet from one part of the apparatus to another part. Where precisionoperations are being carried out on the sheet and thus Where it isnecessary continuously to maintain the sheet in proper alignment, thetransfer mechanism must be so constructed and arranged as to eifect thetransfer without disturbing the alignment. It is the general object ofthis invention to produce a sheet transfer mechanism which is capablenot only of effecting the transfer of sheet material Without disturbingany previously determined alignment of the sheet, but also withoutdamaging the sheet if it be formed of frangible material such as paper.

The requirements for a proper sheet transfer mechanism are particularlystringent when the device is used in conjunction with a printing presswherein the sheet material comprises sheets of paper. Many presses aresocalled sheet fed presses and are provided with a feeder for rapidlyfeeding sheets singly and a feed-in mechanism for feeding sheets intothe rolls of the press. Sheet transfer means must be provided betweenthe feeder and the feed-in mechanism to effect the transfer of sheetstherebetween. The majority of present printing presses are provided witha sheet transfer mechanism in the form of a roll or cylinder rotated ata constant speed and provided with gripping means for gripping a sheetin the feeder and through rotation of the cylinder transferring thesheet to the feed-in mechanism. Because of the fact that the feed-incylinder is rotating relatively rapidly, the sheet is gripped on the flyand thus is accelerated from aV stopped position adjacent the frontguides of the feeder to press speed, or at least to the speed of thefeed-in mechanism, substantially instantaneously. This not only places atearing strain on the sheet at the points where it is engaged by thegrippers on the transfer cylinder, but also is the cause of furtherdamage to the sheets because of the fact that the grippers must snapdown on the sheet veryY rapidly and thus are apt to crush the sheet atthe gripped areas.

We have invented, and are herein disclosing and claiming, a sheettransfer mechanism capable of operating with the precision required in aprinting press and yet one which eliminates the diculties justdiscussed. To this end there is provided a sheet tranfer mechanism whichis oscillated or reciprocated in a path between the feeder and thefeedin mechanism which, because of such oscillatory movement, grips thesheet when the transfer mechanism is stopped or substantially stopped.Because of this feature two definite advantages result. One is thatinasmuch as the grippers are operated when the transfer member whichcarries the grippers is substantially stationary, they may be operatedmore slowly and thus are not snapped on the sheet with suiiicient forceor rapidity to crush the paper.

The second advantage is that the sheet is removed fromA ICC the feederat a relatively gradually accelerated return so that tears which haveresulted from the instantaneous acceleration previously mentioned areavoided.

The normal feeder for a printing press is provided with a detectormechanism for detecting a sheet advanced to the delivery point of thefeeder in misaligned position, that is, a position wherein its leadingedge is not precisely at right angles to the direction of movement ofthe sheet through the press. Such detector mechanisms are normally soarranged as to stop the press when a misaligned sheet reaches thedelivery point of the feeder. Such stopping of the press prevents themisaligned sheet from passing thereinto and it can then be manuallystraightened or removed and the operation of the press resumed. The.

principal disadvantage of detector mechanisms operating in the mannerjust discussed is that the sheets in the press run. Such a constructioneliminates the wastage of spoiled sheets and yet quite eectivelyprevents the entry of a misaligned sheet into the printing part of thepress.

Other and further features and advantages of the invention will bereadily apparent from the following description and drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a vertical sectional View through a portion of a printingpress embodying the invention and showing` parts of the 'sheet feederand the feed-in mechanism, the section being taken substantially alongline 1-1 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 2 is a view like Fig. l with the apparatus in a different position;

Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a top plan View of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1with the feeder bed removed, the location of the section being indicatedby the line 4-4 in Fig. 1; and

Fig. 5 is a View similar to Fig. 1 but taken on the opposite side of thepress and with certain of the overlying parts removed to illustrate theconstruction of the clutch mechanism.

While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many differentforms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described indetail one specific embodiment, with the understanding that the presentdisclosure is to be considered as an exempliiication of the principles:

Referring now to Figs. 1-3, there is shown a portionv 10 of the frame ofa printing press which is provided with a feed-in mechanism 11 which inthe present exemplary embodiment takes the form of a cylinder 12 mountedupon a driven shaft 13 and rotated continuously and at a substantiallyconstant rate during the operation of the press. Thepurpose of thefeed-in mechanism, as is well known in the art, is to receive sheetsfrom the sheet transfer mechanism and feed them into the printingcylinders vof the press. For this purpose the feed-in mechanism may takemany forms including. the extremely eicient feedin mechanism shown inthe copending application of L. W. Claybourn and C. C. Claybourn, tiledMarch 27, 1952, as Serial No. 278,921, now Patent No. 2,699,333, issuedJanuary '11, 1955'. The feed-in cylinder 12 is provided with sheetgrippers 14 operated in the usual manner to bel closed' upon a sheet fedlthereto by the sheet transfer mechanism and operable to carry the sheetin predetermined aligned position into the press.

The press is also provided with a feeder 20 of usual construction whichincludes a table or bed 21 over which individual sheets 22 are fed tothe delivery end of the feeder located at the right-hand end thereof asshown in Figs. l and 2. Sheet guides 23 overlie the table and restagainst the upper surface of the sheets to hold them against buckle asthey travel across the feeder bed with the guides being mounted on rods24 adjustably held in brackets 25 mounted upon a cross rod 26 secured tosuitable brackets on opposite sides of the feeder bed.

The sheet transfer mechanism of this invention is generally indicated at30 and includes a substantially triangular carriage member 31 pivotallymounted upon a shaft 32 rotatably supported in the frame and providedwith a cam follower 33 adjacent one of the apexes of the triangle, whichfollower rides in a box cam 34a provided on a' rotatable cam wheel 34.The cam wheel is secured to a shaft 35 rotatably mounted in the framewith both the shafts 32 and 35 being driven by the means hereinafterdescribed. The carriage 31 is provided with a bearing bracket 36 whichslidably supports an arm 37 provided at its lower end with a camfollower 38 engaging a second cam 39 secured to the shaft 32. A crossbar 40 is secured to the upper end of the arm 37 and carries at itsopposite ends a pair of arms 41 which rotatably support a sheet grippershaft 42. A plurality of grippers 43 are secured to the shaft 42 withthe grippersY including pads 44 constituting the lower jaw against whichthe upper jaw of the grippers is moved to grip a sheet therebetween.Means are provided for constantly urging the grippers to closedposition, that is, to a position wherein the upper jaw is pressedagainst the pad, such means including a square shaft 45 pivoted asindicated at 46 on the cross bar 40 and slidably supporting a rod 47which extends through a suitable hole in the shaft 45. A spring 48surrounds the rod and has one end bearing against the square'shaft 45and has its other end bearing against a bracket 49 pivotally secured toan arm 50 which in turn is secured to the shaft 42 and extendsdownwardly therefrom. The spring 48 is a compression spring and thusserves constantly to urge the shaft 42 toward rotation in acounterclockwise direction (as'viewed in Fig. l) to urge the jaw of thegripper against the pad.

Means are provided in the press for opening the grippers at suitabletimes so that they may be closed on a sheet positioned therebetween togrip the sheet and subsequently to release the sheet to the feed-inmechanism. For this purpose a cam 51 is adjustably secured'to thefeed-in cylinder 12 and to this end is provided with slots 52 throughwhich bolts 53 extend with the bolts being threaded into the feed-incylinder. The adjustment permits slight shifting movement of the cam 51properly to synchronize its action with the operation of the press. Thecam 51 is adapted to engage and operate a cam follower 54 secured to theend of an arm 55 in turn secured to the shaft 42. The operation of theparts thus far described are so synchronized as to cause the cam 51 tocontact the cam follower 54 and hence to rotate the shaft 42 in aclockwise direction to open the grippers as the arm 37 which carries thegrippers is in a position immediately adjacent the feeder 20 so that asheet 22 therein is positioned between the upper jaws of the grippersand the pads therebeneath. In Fig. l the cam 51 has just accomplishedthis purpose and moved beyond the cam follower 54, thus permitting thespring 48 to close the grippers on the sheet 22. It will also be notedthat at this time the cam follower 33 has reached substantially theinnermost portion of the box cam 34a, that is, the portion closest toits axis of rotation, so that the arm 37 is substantially stopped. Thusno undue strain is pressed upon the sheet 22 as the upper jaw of thegripper is lowered thereagainst.

l When the sheet transfer mechanism 30 is oscillated the cam follower 54as the arm 37 is oscillated to the position therein shown. Such contactbetween the cam 56 and the follower 54 serves again to open the grippersto release a sheet to the grippers 14 which areV simultaneously closed.

To prevent the arm 37 and the mechanism carried thereby from interferingwith the `operation of the feedin mechanism, means are provided forwithdrawing the arm away from the feed-in cylinder after a sheet hasbeen transferred thereto. An examination of Fig. 2 reveals that the camfollower 33 has almost reached the point inthe cam 34a farthest from'the axis ofrotation of the cam and thus a slight additional oscillatorymovement to the right of the arm will take place. It will also be notedthat the cam follower 38 engages that portion of the cam 39 at the pointfarthest removed from the axis of rotation of that cam and additionalrotationL of the two cams 34a and 39 serves therefore not `only to swingthe arm slightly farther to the right but also to move the armdownwardly within its bracket 36 so as to withdraw the arm away from thefeed-in cylinder.

The drive means for the mechanism described is best seen in Fig. 4wherein the driven shaft 13 which carries the feed-in cylinder 12 isprovided with a gear 60 fixed thereto which meshes through twointermediate gears Ito drive a gear 61 rotatably mounted on shaft 32. Aplurality of pins 63 attach one element 64 of a clutch member to thegear 61. The other element 65 of the clutch member carries a gear 66which meshes with another gear 67 fixed to the shaft 35 for rotatingthat shaft. Inasmuch as the gear 61 is rotatably mounted on the shaft32, rotation of that gear does not serve Vto rotate the shaft 32 unlessthe clutch elements 64 and 65 are secured together by the meanshereafter described whereupon rotation of the shaft 32 occurs and alsorotation of the shaft 35 through the gears 66 and 67. Operation of theclutch and an automatic disengagement thereof to Ystop the operation ofthe sheet transfer mechanism is accomplished through the use of adetector mechanism 70 providedat the end of the feeder. As best seen inFigs. 2, 3 and 5, the detector mechanism includes a bracket 71 securedto a rotatably mounted shaft 72 and carries an upper plate 73 which isadjustably secured thereto through the provision of the adjusting screwVand bolt 74. The outer ends of the plate 73 are provided with upturnedspaced-apart fingers 75 constituting stops against which the sheet comesto rest at the delivery end of the feeder.

Normally two such stops 75 are provided on each plate 73 and the normalinstallation calls for two such plates, lone at each side of the feeder.A detector finger 76 having a lower end 78 is' pivotally mounted betweeneach pair of stops 75 and normally urged to a position where it extendsinwardly or toward the directionV from which the sheets are fed by aspring 77 (Figure 4). The spring is a very light hairspring which isextensible by edges of a sheet of paper as they come to rest against thestops 75.` Such extension of the spring is accomplished by the pivotingof each of the detector fingers from the position shown in Fig. 2 to theposition Vshown in Fig. 1. Both detector lingers are contacted by asheet and are pivoted t-o the position shown in Fig. l only when thesheet is properly aligned in the feeder. To permit a properly `alignedsheet ,to be released to the sheet transfer mechanism an arm 79 issecured to the shaft 72 and carries a cam follower 80 adapted to becontacted by a cam sladjustably mounted on the cam wheel 34 to rotatethe shaft 72 clockwise from the position shown in Fig. 2 and thereby outof blocking relationship to a sheet on the feeder.

In the event that a sheet is advanced to the delivery end of the feederin misaligned position, its leading edge will fail to contact one or theother detector fingers 76 and thus fail to swing the lower end 7Sthereof to the position shown in Fig. l. Where the lower end is not soswung it remains in position to engage a notch 82. formed in a rod 83which is pivotally connected at 84 at its lower end to a bracket SSfixed to a clutch operating shaft 86. The upper end of the rod S3 isheld in a pivoted bracket 87 rotatably mounted on a shaft 8S held in abracket 89 xed to the frame. An eccentric connection is provided betweenthe guide arm 87 and the rod 83 as illustrated to provide for a slightadjustment in the positioning of the rod relative to the downwardlyextending portion 7S of the detector finge With the downwardly extendingportion 78 of the detector finger engaged in the notch 82 of the rod 83,resulting pivotal movement of the bracket 71 through the operation ofthe follower 30 and cam 81 serves to move the rod 83 downwardly and thusto rotate the shaft 86. Such rotation of the shaft serves to disengagethe clutch members 64 and 65 previously described. To this end the shaft85 carries a clutch operating arm 99 normally held against an adjustablestop 91 by the tension of a spring 92. Rotation of the shaft 86clockwise (as shown in Fig. permits a pawl 93 to drop by gravity into anotch 94 to hold the clutch actuating arm 9i) in the position shown inthe dotted lines in that figure wherein a cam follower 95 provided onthe arm bears against a cam surface 96 provided on a clutch tooth member97 pivotally mounted at 93 on the outer member 65 of the clutch. Themember 97 carries a tooth 99 normally engaged with a suitable notch113i) formed in the other clutch memer 64 so as to lock the two clutchmembers together to cause operation of the sheet transfer mechanism.With the arm 99 in the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 5,however, the cam follower 9S causes rotation of the member 97 about itspivot to withdraw the tooth 97 from the notch iti@ and thus to permitthe clutch member 64 to rotate without causing ro-tation of itsassociated member 65. Thus the mechanism just described serves, upon thedetection of a misaligned sheet, to stop only the operation of the sheettransfer mechanism without stopping the operation of the press. Thus thesheets within the press are not spoiled. After the misaligned sheet hasbeen either removed or properly aligned in the feeder, the operation maybe resumed by manually operating a lever 101 secured to the pawl 93 toremove it from engagement with the notch 94 in the arm 96, thuspermitting the spring 92 to return the arm to the position shown insolid lines in Fig. 5 whereupon a compression spring 102 will pivot themember 97 back to the position shown therein wherein the tooth 99engages the notch 10i) to reinitiate operation of the sheet transfermechanism.

We claim:

1, In combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a pivotallymounted transfer member, sheet gripping means carried by the transfermember and movable between open and closed position, rotatable cam meansincluding a rotatable cam and a cam follower on the transfer member forreciprocating the transfer member to position the gripping meansalternately at a first position adjacent the feeder to grip a sheettherein and at a second position adjacent the feed-in mechanism totransfer a gripped sheet thereto, and movable cam means operable whenthe gripping means is at the first position for closing the grippingmeans on a sheet in the feeder and stationary cam means operable whenthe gripping means is at the second position to open the gripping meansto release a gripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism.

2. In combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a pivotallymounted transfer member, sheet gripping means carried by the transfermember and movable between open and closed position, movable cam meansfor reciprocating the transfer member to position the gripping meansalternately at a first position adjacent the feeder and at a secondposition adjacent the feed-in mechanism, said means being adapted tomaintain said transfer member and gripping means substantiallystationary at said first position, means operable when the grippingmeans is at the first position for closing the gripping means on a sheetin the feeder and stationary cam means operable when the gripping meansis at the second position for opening the gripping means to release agripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism, detector means associated withthe feeder for detecting a misaligned sheet therein, and clutch meansoperated by the detector means upon detection of a misaligned sheet forstopping the reciprocation of said transfer member.

3. ln combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a transfermechanism including a movably mounted transfer member, sheet grippingmeans carried by the transfer member, means for moving the transfermember to position the gripping means alternately at a first positionadjacent the feeder to grip a sheet therein and at a second positionadjacent the feed-in mechanism to transfer a gripped sheet thereto, saidmeans being adapted to maintain said transfer member and gripping meanssubstantially stationary at said first position, a detector meansassociated with the feeder for detecting a misaligned sheet therein, andclutch means operated by the detector means upon detection of amisaligned sheet for stopping the operation of said transfer mechanismindependently of the press.

4. In combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a transferarm, sheet gripping means carried by the transfer arm and movablebetween open and closed position, an oscillatably movable membersupporting the transfer arm for sliding movement longitudinally of saidmember, first rotatable cam means driven in synchronism with the pressfor oscillating the member to position the gripping means on the armalternately at a first position adjacent the feeder and at a secondposition adjacent the feed-in mechanism, said means being adapted tomaintain said transfer member and gripping means substantiallystationary at said first position, means operable when the grippingmeans is at the first position for closing the gripping means on a sheetin the feeder and stationary cam means operable when the gripping meansis at the second position for opening the gripping means to release agripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism, and second rotatable cam meansdriven in synchronism with the press and with said first rotatable cammeans and operable when the gripping means are in said second positionto move the arm longitudinally of said movable member and away from thefeed-in mechanism.

5. In combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a transferarm, sheet gripping means carried by one end of the transfer arm andincluding a pair of jaws relatively movable between open and closedposition, a pivotally movable member slidably supporting the transferarm, a box cam rotated in synchronism with the press, said box cam beingeccentric to configuration with respect to the axis of rotation thereof,a cam follower secured to the member and contacting the box cam tooscillate the member to position the gripping means on the armalternately at a rst positino wherein one of the jaws in said pair ispositioned above and the other jaw is positioned below a sheet in thefeeder, said follower being disposed in said box cam at a pointimmediately adjacent the axis of rotation of said box cam when saidgripping means are at said rst position and at a second positionadjacent the feed-in mechanism, cam means operated when the grippingmeans is in said first position to close the jaws on a sheettherebetween, stationary cam means when the gripping means is oscillatedto said second position to open the jaws to release a gripped sheet tothe feed-in mechanism, and means for sliding the arm in said member andoperable in synchronism with operation of the press to move the arm awayfrom the feed-in mechanism when the gripping means is in said secondposition.

6. in combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a gear traindriven by the press, a transfer arm, sheet gripping means carried by oneend of the transfer arm and including a pair of relatively movable jaws,a pivotally movable member slidably supporting the transfer arm, a firstcam rotated by a gear in said train, a first cam follower secured to themember and contacting the cam to oscillate the member to position thegripping means on the arm alternately at a rst position wherein one ofthe jaws in said pair is positioned above and the other jaw ispositioned below a sheet in the feeder and at a second position adjacentthe feedin mechanism, a second cam follower connected to the jaws formoving the same between closed and open position, a second cam rotatedby another gear in said train and adapted to contact the second camfollower when the gripping means is in said first position to close thejaws on a sheet therebetween, a third cam positioned to contact thesecond cam follower when the member is oscillated to position saidgripping means at the second position to open the jaws to release agripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism,V a third cam follower secured tothe other end of the transfer arm, and a fourth cam rotated by said geartrain and contacting the third cam follower to move the armlongitudinally of the pivotally movable member and away from the feed-inmechanism when the arm is in said second position.

7. In combination with a feeder for delivering sheetsV and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a gear traindriven by the press, a transfer arm, sheet gripping means carried by oneend of the transfer arm and including a pair of relatively movable jaws,a pivotally movable member slidably supporting the transfer arm, afirstcam rotated by a gear in said train, said first cam having a cam patheccentric about the axis of rotation thereof, a clutch operable todisengage said gear from the train, a rst cam follower secured to themember and contacting the rst cam to oscillate the member to positionthe gripping means n the arm alternately at a first position wherein oneof the jaws in said pair is positioned above and the other jaw ispositioned below a sheet in the feeder said cam follower being at apoint on the said first cam immediately adjacent the aXis of rotationthereof when said grippers are at said first position and at a secondposition adjacent the feed-in mechanism, a second cam fol- Y 8 Y l lowerconnected to the jaws for moving the same between closed and openposition, a second cam rotated by another gear in said train and adaptedto contact the second cam follower when the gripping means is in saidfirst position to close the jaws on a sheet therebetween, a third campositioned to contact the second cam follower when the arm is oscillatedto position said gripping means at the second position to open the jawsto release a gripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism, a third camfollower secured to the other end of the transfer arm, a fourth camrotated by said gear train and contacting the third cam follower to movethe arm away from the feed-in mechanism when the arm is in said secondposition, detector Y means associated with the feeder for detecting amisaligned sheet therein, and means operated by the detector means'upondetection of a misaligned sheet to disengage the clutch.

8. Sheet transferring means as specified in claim- 4 wherein the armsupporting said sheet grippers is provided with a cam follower at theend thereof opposite said grippers and the second rotatable cam means ismounted on the axis about which the movable member oscillates so as toengage said carn follower and effect movement of said arm longitudinallyof said member.

9. Sheet transfer means as specified in claim 8 wherein said detectormeans comprises a detector arm pivotally mounted on a rockable stopmember, said detector arm having a portion aligned with a clutchdisengaging arm, said portion being pivoted out of alignment with saidclutch disengaging arm by a sheet properly aligned against said stopmember.

10. In combination with a feeder for delivering sheets and a feed-inmechanism for feeding sheets to a printing press, means for transferringsheets from the feeder to the feed-in mechanism comprising a pivotallymounted transfer member, sheet gripping means carried by the transfermember and movable between open and closed positions, means forreciprocating the transfer member including a rotatable cam wheel, a boxcam formed in said cam wheel, said box cam forming a closed camwayeccentric about the'aXis of rotation of said cam wheel, a` cam followeron said transfer member adapted to traverse said boX cam whereby toposition the gripping means a1- ternately at a first position adjacentthe feeder to grip a sheet therein and at a second position adjacent thefeed-in mechanism to transfer a gripped sheet thereto, and movable cammeans operable when the gripping means is at the rst position forclosing the gripping means on a sheet in the feeder and stationary cammeans when the gripping means is at the second positionY to open thegripping means to release a gripped sheet to the feed-in mechanism.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS f1,790,457 Blaine Ian. 27, 1931 2,128,317 Peyrebrune Aug. 30, 19382,154,022 Backhouse Apr. 1l, 1939 2,235,844 Nelson Mar. 25, 19412,317,993 Harrold May 4, 1943 2,474,150 Jacobson Tune 21, 1949 2,499,125Backhouse Feb. 28, 1950 2,579,406 Tebbs Dec. 18, 1951 2,618,479Peyrebrune Nov. 18, 1952

